Wonani kulemba kwambula kuona kwa Kalendala ya Gregory

{{Short description|Kalendala yakuzomerezgeka pa charu chose}}
{{About||kalendara ya maholide gha visopa na nyengo|Chaka cha chisopa|kalendara ya Gregory ya chaka chino|{{Kalendala ya sono}}}}
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Kalendara '''ya Gregory''' ndiyo yikugwiriskirika nchito mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caru.  Likamba kugwira ntchito mu Okutobala 1582 pamanyuma pa ng’ombe ya papa ''Inter gravissimas'' iyo yikafumiskika na Papa Gregory XIII , iyo yikaŵika kuti yiŵe yakusintha, na kunjilirapo pa kalendara ya Julian . Kusintha kukuru kukaŵa kwakuti vyaka vyakujumpha mu mlengalenga viŵe vyakupambana mwakuti chaka cha kalendara chiŵe cha mazuŵa 365.2425, ndipo chikaŵa pafupi chomene na chaka cha mazuŵa 365.2422 cha ‘tropical’ panji ‘solar’ icho chikumanyikwa na kuzungulira kwa charu chapasi kuzingilizga Zuŵa.{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use the Gregorian calendar as their [[civil calendar]]. [[Iran]] is a notable exception, in that it uses the [[solar Hijri calendar]].}}

Dango la vyaka vya leap ni ili:

{{Blockquote|Chaka chilichose icho chikugaŵika nadi na vinayi chikuŵa chaka cha leap, kupatulapo vyaka ivyo vikugaŵika nadi na 100, kweni vyaka vya century ivi ni vyaka vya leap usange vikugaŵika nadi na 400. Mwaciyelezgero, vyaka vya 1700, 1800, na 1900 ni . vyaka vyakujumpha yayi, kweni chaka cha 2000 ndicho.|source=[[Makina gha kubekela mtambo wa Ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja ŵa ku United States]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/calendars | title= Introduction to Calendars | date=n.d.|publisher= [[ Makina gha kubekela mtambo wa Ŵasilikari ŵa pa nyanja ŵa ku United States]] |accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref>}}

Pakaŵa vifukwa viŵiri ivyo ŵakaŵikira kalendara ya Gregory. Chakwamba, kalendara ya Julian yikaghanaghananga mwakubudika kuti cilimika ca zuŵa cikuŵa na mazuŵa 365.25 nadi, ndipo ici cikuwoneka kuti cili pasi pa zuŵa limoza pa vilimika 100, ndipo ntheura cikuŵa na cilimika cakujumphapo pa vilimika vinayi vyose kwambura kupaturako. Kusintha kwa Gregory kukafupikiska chaka cha pafupifupi (kalendara) na mazuŵa 0.0075 kuti kalendara yileke kusinthasintha pa nkhani ya equinoxes .  Chachiŵiri, mu vyaka ivyo vikajumphapo kufuma pa Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Nicaea mu AD 325,  mazuŵa ghakujumphapo ghakujumphapo agho ghakaŵikika na algorithm ya Julian ghakapangiska kuti kalendara yisunkhunyike mwakuti equinox ya March yikaŵa kuti yikuchitika pambere zuŵa lake lakumanyikwa la 21 March lindafike . . Zuŵa ili likaŵa lakuzirwa comene ku matchalitchi gha Cikhristu cifukwa ndilo likaŵa lakuzirwa comene pakupenda zuŵa la Isitara . Kuti ŵawezgerepo mgwirizano uwu, kusintha uku kukapangiska kuti zuŵa ili liŵe panthazi na mazuŵa 10:  Lachinayi 4 Okutobala 1582 likalondezgeka na Cisano 15 Okutobala 1582.  Kusazga apo, kusintha uku kukasinthaso umo mwezi ukuzungulira uwo Tchalitchi likagwiliskiranga ntchito pakupenda zuŵa . pa Isitara, cifukwa myezi yiphya ya vyakucanya yikaŵa kuti yikucitika mazuŵa ghanayi pambere mazuŵa agho ŵakapenda ghandafike. Nangauli kusintha uku kukapangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kuchoko waka, kalendara iyi yikalutilira kukhazikika pa fundo yimoza ya geocentric iyo yikaŵako pakwamba. 

Kusintha uku kukazomerezgeka pakwamba na vyaru vya Katolika vya ku Europe na katundu wawo wa ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, vyaru vya Protesitanti na vya Eastern Orthodox navyo vikasamira pachokopachoko ku ivyo vikacemanga kuti " '''Kalendara Yakunozga''' ",  ndipo Greece ndiyo yikaŵa charu chaumaliro cha ku Europe kuzomera kalendara iyi (yakugwiriskira ntchito ŵanthu pera) mu 1923.  Ndipouli, matchalitchi ghanandi gha Orthodox ghakulutilira kugwiliskira ntchito kalendara ya Julius pakuchita mitheto ya chisopa na kumanya nyengo iyo viphikiro vikuruvikuru vikachitikira. Kuti ŵamanye makora zuŵa ilo vinthu vikasinthira (mu mabuku gha mazuŵa ghano panji mu mabuku gha mdauko), vyose viŵiri vikalembeka , vikalembeka kuti ‘Mtundu Wakale’ panji ‘Mtundu Uphya’ umo vikukhumbikira. Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1900, vyaru vinandi ivyo vikaŵa vya ku Manjiliro gha dazi yayi vikamba kugwiliskira nchito kalendara iyi, nanga nkhucita vinthu vya boma .

== Kulongosora ==
Kalendala ya Gregory, nga ni kalendara ya Julian , ni kalendara ya zuŵa iyo yili na myezi 12 ya mazuŵa 28–31 pa kalendara yiliyose. Chaka mu makalendala ghose ghaŵiri chili na mazuŵa 365, ndipo zuŵa la leap likusazgikira ku February mu vyaka vya leap . Myezi na utali wa myezi mu kalendara ya Gregory vikuyana waka na vya kalendara ya Julian. Kupambana kwake nkhwakuti kusintha kwa Gregory kukaleka kuŵika zuŵa lakujumpha mu vilimika ''vitatu'' vya vilimika 400 vyose ndipo kukaleka zuŵa lakujumpha kwambura kusintha.

Chaka cha leap chikuchitika pa vyaka vinayi vyose: zuŵa la leap, mu mdauko, likaŵikika na kuŵika kaŵiri 24 February – pakaŵa nadi mazuŵa ghaŵiri gha 24 February . Ndipouli, kwa vilimika vinandi ŵanthu ŵakuŵa na cizgoŵi ca kuŵika zuŵa lakusazgikira ku umaliro wa mwezi wa February, ndipo ŵakusazgapo zuŵa la 29 la February kuti liŵe zuŵa lakujumpha. Pambere mu 1969 ŵandasinthe kalenda yawo ya General Roman Calendar , Tchalitchi la Katolika likachedweska viphikiro vya February pamanyuma pa zuŵa la 23 na zuŵa limoza mu vyaka vya leap; misa iyo yikukondwelereka mwakuyana na kalendara yakale yikulongoraso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuchedwa uku.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chaka chikugaŵika mu myezi khumi na yiŵiri .
|}
! Kp. !! Zina !! unandi wa madazi
|-
| 1 || Matika || 31
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| 2 || Muswela || 28 (29 mu vyaka vya lipi)
|-
| 3 || Nyakanyaka || 31
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| 4 || Masika || 30
|-
| 5 || Vuna || 31
|-
| 6 || June || 30
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| 7 || Zizima || 31
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| 8 || Mphepo || 31
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| 9 || Lupya || 30
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| 10 || Zimya || 31
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| 11 || Thukila || 30
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| 12 || Vula || 31
|}

Vilimika vya Gregory vikumanyikwa na manambara gha vyaka vyakulondezgapo.  Zuŵa la kalendara likulongosoreka mwakukwana na chaka (likulembeka mwakuyana na nyengo ya kalendara , mu nkhani iyi ''Anno Domini'' panji Common Era ), mwezi (ukumanyikwa na zina panji nambara), na zuŵa la mwezi (likulembeka mwakulondezganako kwamba . kufuma pa 1). Nangauli chaka cha kalendara sono chikwamba pa 1 Januwale mpaka pa 31 Disembala, nyengo zakale manambara gha chaka ghakaŵanga ghakukhazikika pa malo ghakupambanako ghakwamba mukati mwa kalendara (wonani chigaŵa cha "kwamba kwa chaka" musi umu).

Kalendala yikuwerezgeka mwakukwana pa vilimika 400 vyose, ivyo vikuyana waka na mazuŵa 146,097.  Pa vyaka 400 ivi, 303 ni vyaka vya nyengo zose vya mazuŵa 365 ndipo 97 ni vyaka vyakujumpha vya mazuŵa 366. Chaka cha kalendara chapakati ni ⁠365+97/400⁠ mazuŵa = mazuŵa 365.2425, panji mazuŵa 365, maora 5, mphindi 49 na masekondi 12. 

==Gregorian reform==
{{gallery | height=140 | width=200 
|File:Christopher Clavius.jpg| alt1= a portrait of [[Christopher Clavius]] (1538–1612), one of the main authors of the reform  |[[Christopher Clavius]] (1538–1612), one of the main authors of the reform
|File:Gregory XIII.jpg|alt2 = a portrait of Pope Gregory XIII by [[Lavinia Fontana]], sixteenth century |Pope Gregory XIII, portrait by [[Lavinia Fontana]], 16C
|File:Inter-grav.jpg|alt3= an image of the first page of the papal bull {{lang|la|[[Inter gravissimas]]}} | First page of the papal bull {{lang|la|[[Inter gravissimas]]}}
|File:Gregorianscher Kalender Petersdom.jpg| alt4 = a picture of Gregory's tomb showing Antonio Lilio presenting his printed calendar |Detail of the pope's tomb by [[Camillo Rusconi]] (completed 1723); Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope, presenting his printed calendar.
}}

Kalendara ya Gregory yikaŵa yakusintha kwa kalendara ya Julian. Likakhazikiska ng’ombe ya papa ''ya Inter gravissimas'' iyo yikalembeka pa 24 Febuluwale 1582 na Papa Gregory XIII,  uyo kalendara iyi yikuchemeka zina lake. Chifukwa cha kusintha uku ntchakuti zuŵa ilo ŵakakondweleranga Isitara liŵe pa nyengo iyo ŵakakondweleranga Isitara apo Tchalitchi lakwamba likayambiska. Kubudika mu kalendara ya Julian (kughanaghana kwake kuti pali mazuŵa 365.25 nadi mu cilimika) kukapangiska kuti zuŵa la equinox mwakuyana na kalendara liŵe lakupatukana na ivyo vikawonekanga, ndipo ntheura pakaŵa kuti pakaŵa kupuvya pakupenda zuŵa ilo . ya Isitara . Nangauli fundo iyo yikapelekeka na First Council of Nicaea mu 325 yikayowoya kuti Ŵakhristu wose ŵakwenera kukondwelera Isitara pa zuŵa limoza, kweni pakajumpha vilimika pafupifupi 500 kuti pafupifupi Ŵakhristu wose ŵafiske chilato ichi mwa kuzomerezga malango gha Tchalitchi la Alexandria (wonani Isitara kuti muwone nkhani za Isitara ivyo vikawuka). 

===Kunyuma kyakhe===
Chifukwa chakuti zuŵa la Isitara ni ntchito – ''compputus''  – ya zuŵa la spring equinox ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto, Tchalitchi la Katolika likawona kuti nchambura kuzomerezgeka kupambana kwakusazgikira pakati pa zuŵa la canonical la equinox na unenesko uwo ukuwoneka. Isitara yikukondwelereka pa Sabata para mwezi wa tchalitchi wamara pa panji pamanyuma pa 21 March, uwo ukazomerezgeka kuti uŵe pafupi na equinox ya March.  Ŵasambiri ŵa ku Europe ŵakamanyanga makora umo kalendara yikusunthira kufuma waka mu nyengo ya ŵamitundu.

Bede , uyo wakalemba mu vilimika vya m’ma 700 C.E., wakalongora kuti upusikizgi uwo ukawunjika mu nyengo yake ukaŵa wa mazuŵa ghakujumpha ghatatu. Roger Nkhumba mu <abbr>c.</abbr>  1200 ŵakaghanaghana kuti upusikizgi uwu ukaŵapo pa mazuŵa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri panji eyiti. Dante , kulemba <abbr>c.</abbr>  1300 , wakamanya kuti ŵakwenera kusintha kalendara. Kuyezgayezga kulutilira na kusintha kwanthena uku kukacitika na Papa Sixtus IV , uyo mu 1475 wakacema Regiomontanus ku Vatican kuti wakacite ici. Ndipouli, mulimo uwu ukatondeka cifukwa ca nyifwa ya Regiomontanus wakati wafika waka ku Roma.  Kusazgikira kwa cimanyisko ca vyakucanya na kuwona vinthu mwakukwana ku umaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 1500, kukapangiska kuti fumbo ili liŵe lakukhumbikwa comene. Mabuku ghanandi mu vyaka makumi ghakulondezgapo ghakakhumbanga kuti paŵe kusintha kwa kalendara, pakati pawo pakaŵa mapepara ghaŵiri agho ghakatumizgika ku Vatican na yunivesite ya Salamanca mu 1515 na 1578,  kweni mulimo uwu ukatolekaso yayi m’paka mu vilimika vya m’ma 1540, ndipo ukachitika apo Papa wakalongozganga . Gregory XIII (wakakhala mu 1572-1585).

===Kanozgero===
Mu 1545, Msonkhano wa Trent ukazomerezga Papa Paul III kuti wasinthe kalendara, ndipo ukakhumbanga kuti zuŵa la vernal equinox liwelere ku zuŵa ilo likaŵapo pa nyengo ya Msonkhano Wakwamba wa Nicaea mu 325, ndiposo kuti kusintha kwa kalendara kuŵe . likupangika kuti lileke kuseŵera munthazi. Ici cingapangiska kuti paŵe ndondomeko yakuyana ndiposo yakukwana ya ciphikiro ca Isitara.

Mu 1577, ŵakatumizga buku la ''Compendium'' ku ŵasayansi ŵa masamu awo ŵakaŵa kuwaro kwa komiti yakusintha vinthu kuti ŵayowoyepo. Ŵanyake mwa ŵasayansi aŵa, kusazgapo Giambattista Benedetti na Giuseppe Moleto , ŵakagomezganga kuti Isitara yikwenera kuŵerengeka kufuma ku umo Zuŵa na Mwezi vikuchitira nadi, m’malo mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa yakulembeka, kweni ivyo ŵakadumura ivi vikazomerezgeka yayi.  Kusintha uko kukazomerezgeka kukaŵa kusintha kwa fundo iyo dokotala wa ku Calabria Aloysius Lilius (panji Lilio) wakaghanaghana. 

Ivyo Lilius wakaghanaghana vikaŵa kuti ŵachepeske chiŵelengero cha vyaka vyakudumura mu vyaka vya m’ma 400 kufuma pa 100 kufika pa 97, mwa kupanga vyaka vitatu pa vyaka vinayi vya m’ma 1900 kuŵa vyakumanyikwa m’malo mwa vyaka vya m’ma 400. Wakapangaso ndondomeko yakwamba ndiposo yakugwira nchito yakusinthira epacts ya Mwezi para wakupenda zuŵa la pa caka la Isitara, ndipo wakamazga suzgo ilo likaŵapo kwa nyengo yitali la kusintha kwa kalendara.

Mathebulu ghakale ghakalongosoranga utali wa Zuŵa.  Munthu wa masamu wa ku Germany zina lake Christopher Clavius , uyo wakapanga kalendara ya Gregory, wakati matebulo agha ghakukolerana yayi pa nyengo iyo Zuŵa likajumphanga mu vernal equinox panji pa utali wa chaka cha nyengo yakuzizima. Tycho Brahe nayo wakawona kuti pali kugaŵikana.  Dango la Gregory la chaka chakujumpha (vyaka 97 vyakujumpha mu vyaka 400) likaŵikika na Petrus Pitatus wa ku Verona mu 1560. Wakawona kuti likukolerana na chaka cha kutentha cha matebulo gha Alfonsine ndiposo na chaka cha kutentha chapakati . wa Copernicus ( ''De revolutionibus'' ) na Erasmus Reinhold ( ''Matebulo gha Prutenic'' ). Vilimika vitatu vyakutentha mu vinyama vya ku Babuloni ivyo vikaŵa vyakujumphapo pa mazuŵa 365 (umo vikaŵira kuti vikafumiskika mu matebulo gha utali wa nyengo) vikaŵa 0;14,33,9,57 (Alfonsine), 0;14,33,11 ,12 (Kopeniko) na 0;14,33,9,24 (Kusungikaso).  Mu kulemba kwa decimal, ivi vikuyana na 0.24254606, 0.24255185, na 0.24254352, mwakuyana. Vinthu vyose vikuyana waka na malo ghaŵiri gha sexagesimal (0;14,33, ghakuyana na decimal 0.2425) ndipo ichi ndichoso utali wa chaka cha Gregory. Mwantheura nthowa iyo Pitatus wakamazgira suzgo ili yiŵenge yakulumba ŵasayansi ŵa vyakuthambo. 

Ivyo Lilius wakakhumbanga kuchita vikaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri. Chakwamba, wakayowoya kuti ŵanozge utali wa chaka. Chaka cha nyengo yakuzizima chili na mazuŵa 365.24219.  Mtengo uwo ukugwiriskirika ncito comene mu nyengo ya Lilius, kufuma pa matebulo gha Alfonsine, ni mazuŵa 365.2425463.  Pakuti utali wa chaka cha Julian ni mazuŵa 365.25, chaka cha Julian chikuŵa pafupifupi mphindi 11 kuluska chaka cha ku malo ghakuzizima. Kupambana uku kukupangiska kuti paŵe kusunkhunyika kwa mazuŵa pafupifupi ghatatu pa vilimika 400 vyose. Ivyo Lilius wakaghanaghana vikapangiska kuti pafupifupi chaka chiŵe na mazuŵa 365.2425 (wonani Kulongosora ). Pa nyengo iyo Gregory wakasintha vinthu pakaŵa kale kusintha kwa mazuŵa 10 kufuma pa ungano wa Nicaea, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti nyengo ya vernal equinox yiŵe pa 10 panji 11 March m’malo mwa zuŵa ilo tchalitchi likaŵika lakuti pa 21 March, ndipo usange lingasinthika yayi, mphanyi likasinthaso comene . . Lilius wakayowoya kuti kuseŵera kwa mazuŵa 10 kukwenera kunozgeka mwa kuwuskapo zuŵa la Julian leap pa nyengo yiliyose pa nyengo 10 izo zikuchitika mu vyaka makumi ghanayi, mwakuti paŵe mwaŵi wakuti equinox yiwelere pachokopachoko kufika pa 21 March.

Buku la Lilius likasazgikirapo na Christopher Clavius mu buku la masamba 800 ilo likasuskana comene. Pamanyuma pake wakavikiliranga mulimo wake na wa Lilius ku ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga. Maghanoghano gha Clavius ghakaŵa ghakuti kunozga kukwenera kucitika mu nyengo yimoza, ndipo ulongozgi uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakukhora kwa Gregory.

Chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikaŵa na ndondomeko iyo yingapeleka kalendara yakukwana kweni yipusu, yakuthemba pa malango. Fomula ya Lilius yikaŵa yakunozga kwa mazuŵa 10 kuti ŵawelere ku msewu uwo ukaŵapo kufuma pa ungano wa Nicaea, ndiposo kuŵika zuŵa lakujumpha mu vilimika 97 pera mu 400 m’malo mwa mu cilimika cimoza mu 4. Dango ilo ŵakaghanaghana likaŵa lakuti “vyaka ivyo vikugaŵika na 100 viŵenge . kuŵa vyaka vyakujumphapo pekha usange vikugaŵika na 400 navyo".

Vilimika 19 ivyo vikagwiriskirika ncito pa kalendara ya mwezi vikakhumbikwiranga kusintha cifukwa mwezi uphya wa vyakucanya ukaŵa, pa nyengo iyo ŵakasintha, mazuŵa ghanayi pambere mwezi uphya uwo ŵakapenda undafike.  Likaŵa kuti likwenera kunozgeka na zuŵa limoza pa vilimika 300 panji 400 vyose (nyengo 8 mu vilimika 2500) pamoza na kunozgeka kwa vilimika ivyo ni vyaka vyakujumpha yayi (ndiko kuti, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, na vinyake) Nakuti . , ŵakamba kupanga nthowa yiphya yakumanyira zuŵa la Isitara. Nthowa iyo Lilius wakayowoya yikasintha pachoko waka pa kusintha kwaumaliro. 

Apo kalendara yiphya yikamba kugwiliskirika nchito, upusikizgi uwo ukawunjika mu vilimika vya m’ma 1300 kufuma pa ungano wa Nicaea ukanozgeka mwa kuwuskapo mazuŵa 10. Zuŵa la kalendara ya Julian Lachinayi, 4 Okutobala 1582 likalondezgekanga na zuŵa lakwamba la kalendara ya Gregory, Lachisanu, 15 Okutobala 1582 (mzere wa mazuŵa gha sabata ukakhwaskika yayi).{{clear}}

==== Kalendara ya Gregory iyo yikasindikizgika pakwamba ====
[[File:Reforma Gregoriana del Calendario Juliano.jpg|thumb|
''Lunario Novo, Secondo la Nuova Riforma della Correttione del l'Anno Riformato da N.S. Gregorio XIII'',{{efn|name=Lunario|"New Almanac according to the new reform for the correction of the year, [as] reformed by His Holiness Gregory XIII".}} printed in [[Rome]] by Vincenzo Accolti in 1582, one of the first printed editions of the new calendar]]
Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza kufuma apo wakapeleka dango lakuti ŵasinthe vinthu ivi, papa (na chikalata cha pa 3 Epulero 1582) wakapeleka wanangwa kwa Antoni Lilio munyake kuti walembe kalendara iyi kwa vilimika khumi. Buku la ''Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma''  likasindikizgika na Vincenzo Accolti, yumoza wa makalendala ghakwamba agho ghakasindikizgika ku Roma pamanyuma pakuti ŵasintha vinthu, ndipo pasi apa pali mazgu ghakuti likasayinirika na chizomerezgo cha papa ndiposo na Lilio ( ''Con licentia delli Superiori... na kuzomerezga Nyerere (onii) Lilij'' ). Chikalata cha papa chikafumiskikapo pa Seputembala 20, 1582, chifukwa chakuti Antonio Lilio wakalongora kuti wangakwaniska yayi kufiska ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵamupe. 

=== Kupokera ===
{{main|Kuzomerezga kalendara ya Gregory}}
Nangauli kusintha kwa Gregory kukaŵikika mu nthowa zakuzirwa comene izo Tchalitchi likaŵa nalo, kweni ng’ombe yikaŵavya mazaza ghanyake padera pa Tchalitchi la Katolika (ilo iyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru gha cisopo) na Maboma gha Papa (agho iyo wakalamuliranga). Ivyo wakakhumbanga kusintha vikaŵa vyakuti ŵasinthe kalendara ya boma, iyo yikakhumbikwiranga kuti ŵalara ŵa boma mu charu chilichose ŵazomerezge kuti yiŵe na nkhongono mwakuyana na malango.

Ng’ombe ''Inter gravissimas'' yikazgoka dango la Tchalitchi la Katolika mu 1582, kweni likazomerezgeka yayi na Matchalitchi gha Protesitanti , Matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha Kummaŵa , Matchalitchi gha Orthodox gha Kumafumiro gha dazi , na ghanyake ghachoko waka. Ntheura, mazuŵa agho Matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana gha Cikhristu ghakakondweleranga Isitara na maholide ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakaŵaso ghakupambana.

Pa 29 Seputembala 1582, Philip Waciŵiri wa ku Spain wakapeleka dango lakuti kalendara ya Julian yisinthe na kuŵa ya Gregory.  Ici cikakhwaska vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Europe ivyo vikaŵa vya Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Roma, cifukwa pa nyengo iyo Filipu wakalamuliranga Spain na Portugal ndiposo vigaŵa vinandi vya Italy . Mu vigaŵa ivi, ndiposo mu vyaru vya Poland na Lithuania  (ivyo vikawusikanga na Anna Jagiellon ) na mu vyaru vya Papa, kalendara yiphya yikaŵikika pa zuŵa ilo ng’ombe yikayowoya, ndipo pa Chinayi cha Julian, 4 Okutobala 1582, likaŵa . panyuma pake pakaŵa Cisano ca Gregory, 15 Okutobala. Makoloni gha Spain na Portugal ghakalondezgapo pamanyuma pake ''de facto'' chifukwa cha kuchedwa kuyowoyeskana.  Boma linyake likuru la Katolika ku Western Europe, France, likazomera kusintha uku myezi yichoko waka yikati yajumphapo: 9 Disembala likalondezgeka na 20 Disembala. 

Pakwamba vyaru vinandi vya Ŵaprotesitanti vikakana kuzomerezga fundo yiphya iyo Ŵakatolika ŵakapanga; Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanyake ŵakawopanga kuti kalendara yiphya iyi yikaŵa cigaŵa ca ciŵembu cakuti ŵawelere ku mskambo wa Ŵakatolika. Mwaciyerezgero, ŵa Britain ŵakatondeka kujipeleka kuti ŵazomerezge ndondomeko ya Cikatolika mwakudunjika: Annexe to their Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 yikakhazikiska ciŵelengero ca zuŵa la Isitara ilo likakwaniska kusanga candulo cimoza na malango gha Gregory, kwambura kuyowoya nadi za iyo. 

Britain na Ufumu wa Britain (kusazgapo chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu icho sono chikuchemeka United States) ŵakamba kalendara ya Gregory mu 1752. Sweden yikalondezgapo mu 1753.

Pambere 1917 wandafike, Turkey yikagwiliskiranga ntchito kalendara ya Chisilamu ya mwezi na nyengo ya Hijri pa vinthu vyose ndiposo kalendara ya Julian pa vinthu vya ndalama. Kuyamba kwa chaka cha ndalama pamanyuma pake kukakhazikiska pa 1 March ndipo nambala ya chaka yikaŵa pafupifupi yakuyana waka na chaka cha Hijri (wonani kalendara ya Rumi ). Pakuti chaka cha zuŵa ntchitali kuluska chaka cha mwezi ichi pakwamba chikapangiska kuti ŵagwiriskirenge nchito "vyaka vyakutchimbira" nyengo yiliyose apo chiŵelengero cha chaka cha ndalama chingadumpha. Kufuma pa 1 March 1917, chaka cha ndalama chikazgoka cha Gregory, m’malo mwa Julian. Pa 1 January 1926, ŵakasazgirako kugwiliskira nchito kalendara ya Gregory kuti ŵagwiriskirenge ncito pa vinthu vinyake ndipo nambara ya cilimika yikaŵa yakuyana waka na ya vyaru vinyake vinandi.

==== Kuzomerezgeka kuyana na charu ====
{{hatnote|Ichi nchidule chakudumura. Kuti muwone tebulo lakukwana, wonani [[Mndandanda wa mazuŵa agho kalendara ya Gregory yikapokera kuyana na vyaru .]]}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Chilimika
! Vyaru 
|-
| 1582
| [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[France]], [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], [[Italy]], Catholic [[Low Countries]], [[Luxembourg]], and colonies thereof
|-
| 1584
| [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], some Catholic [[Swiss cantons]]{{efn|name="CH"|In the [[Old Swiss Confederacy]], [[Helvetic Republic]], or [[Switzerland]], adoptions were made between 1584 and 1811. Some Catholic cantons switched in 1584, some Protestant in 1700/1701. For a complete list see [[List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar per country]].}}
|-
| 1610
| [[Prussia]]
|-
| 1648
| [[Alsace]]
|-
| 1682
| [[Strasbourg]]
|-
| 1700
| Protestant [[Low Countries]], [[Norway]], [[Denmark]], some Protestant [[Swiss cantons]]{{efn| name="CH"}}
|-
| 1752
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], and the [[British Empire#"First" British Empire (1707–1783)|"First" British Empire (1707–1783)]]
|-
| 1753
| [[Sweden]] and [[Finland]]
|-
| 1873
| [[Japan]]
|-
| 1875
| [[Egypt]]
|-
| 1896
| [[Korea]]
|-
| 1912
| [[China]], [[Albania]]
|-
| 1915
| [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]]
|-
| 1916
| [[Bulgaria]]
|-
| 1917
| [[Ottoman Empire]]
|-
| 1918
| [[Ukraine]], [[Russia]], [[Estonia]]
|-
| 1919
| [[Romania]], [[Yugoslavia]]{{efn|1919 in the regions comprising the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro (present-day Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia). The western and northern regions of what became Yugoslavia were already using the Gregorian calendar. For example, most of [[Slovenia]] adopted the Gregorian calendar at the same time as [[Austria]] in 1583. Coastal [[Croatia]], which was at the time ruled by [[Venice]], adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582. Inland [[Croatia]], ruled by the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]], adopted it in 1587 along with Hungary. The Gregorian calendar was used in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] since the 16th century by the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] population and was formally adopted for government use in 1878 following occupation by [[Austria-Hungary]].}}
|-
| 1923
| [[Greece]]
|-
| 1926
| [[Turkey]] ([[common era]] years; Gregorian dates in use since 1917 Ottoman adoption)
|-
| 2016
| [[Saudi Arabia]]
|}

== Kupambana pakati pa mazuŵa gha kalendara ya Gregory na Julian ==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates.<ref>A more extensive list is available at [[Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars]]</ref>
! Gregorian range || Julian range || Difference
|- align=right
|From 15 October 1582<br />to 28 February 1700
|From 5 October 1582<br />to 18 February 1700
| align=center |10 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 1700<br />to 28 February 1800
|From 19 February 1700<br />to 17 February 1800
| align=center |11 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 1800<br />to 28 February 1900
|From 18 February 1800<br />to 16 February 1900
| align=center |12 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 1900<br />to 28 February 2100
|From 17 February 1900<br />to 15 February 2100
| align=center |13 days
|- align=right
|From 1 March 2100<br />to 28 February 2200
|From 16 February 2100<br />to 14 February 2200
| align=center |14 days<!--
|When converting a date in a year which is leap in one calendar but not the other include 29 February in the calculation when the conversion crosses the border between February and March.-->
|}

Chigaŵa ichi nyengo zose chikuŵika zuŵa la intercalary pa 29 February nangauli nyengo zose likasangika na kuŵika kaŵiri 24 February ( ''bissextum'' (kaŵiri kachisanu ndi chimoza) panji bissextile zuŵa) mpaka kuumaliro wa Middle Ages . Kalendala ya Gregory yikuŵa ya proleptic pambere 1582 yindafike (yikuŵerengeka kunyuma pa fundo yimoza, kwa vilimika vinandi pambere 1582 wandafike), ndipo mphambano pakati pa mazuŵa gha kalendara ya Gregory na Julian yikukura na mazuŵa ghatatu pa vyaka vinayi vyose (mazuŵa ghose ghakusazgapo).

Equation yakulondezgapo yikupereka nambala ya mazuŵa agho kalendara ya Gregory yili panthazi pa kalendara ya Julian, iyo yikuchemeka "kupambana kwa caru" pakati pa kalendara ziŵiri izi. Kupambana kwakuheni kukung’anamura kuti kalendara ya Julian yili panthazi pa kalendara ya Gregory.
<math display="block">C = \left\lfloor{C/100}\right\rfloor - \left\lfloor{C/400}\right\rfloor - 2,</math>
apo <math>D</math> ni mphambano ndipo <math>Y</math>ni chaka chakugwiriskira nchito nambara ya chaka cha vyakuthambo , ndiko kuti, gwiriskani ntchito 1 − (chaka cha BC) pa vyaka vya BC. <math>\left\lfloor{x}\right\rfloor</math> likung’anamura kuti usange ivyo vikufuma mu kugaŵika ni nambala yakukwana yayi vikuzungulira pasi kufika pa nambala yakukwana iyo yili pafupi.

Dango lakumanyikwa, mu vyaka ivyo ni vyaka vyakujumpha mu kalendara ya Julian kweni vya Gregory yayi, ni:

Mpaka pa 28 February mu kalendara iyo yikusinthika ''kufuma ku'' , ŵikanipo zuŵa limoza panji kuwuskapo zuŵa limoza kuluska mtengo uwo mwapenda. Mupeleke mu mwezi wa February nambala ya mazuŵa ghakwenelera ghakuti kalendara yisinthike ''kuŵa'' . Para ŵakufumiska mazuŵa kuti ŵaŵerengerenge ivyo vikuyana na vya Gregory vya 29 Febuluwale (Julian), 29 Febuluwale ŵakuchepeskeka. Ntheura usange mtengo uwo ukupimika ni −4 mtengo wakuyana na wa Gregory wa zuŵa ili ni 24 February. valent of 29 February (Julian), 29 February is discounted. Thus if the calculated value is −4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February.<ref>{{cite book |first1=James | last1=Evans | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA169 |title= The history and practice of ancient astronomy |location= Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press | year=1998 |page=169|isbn=0-19-509539-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title= Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris and The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac |location=London |publisher= Her Majesty's Stationery Office| year=1961| page=417 |url=https://archive.org/details/calendar-ephemeris/page/n7/mode/1up}}</ref>{{clear}}

== Kuyamba kwa chaka ==
{| class="sortable wikitable floatright"
|-
! Country || Start numbered year<br />on 1 January || Adoption of<br />Gregorian calendar
|-
| [[Roman Republic]],<br />[[Roman Empire]]   || 153 BC || 
|-
| Denmark || Gradual change from<br />13th to 16th centuries<ref>Herluf Nielsen: ''Kronologi'' (2nd ed., Dansk Historisk Fællesforening, Copenhagen 1967), pp. 48–50.</ref> || 1700
|-
| [[Republic of Venice]] || 1522 <!-- 1797 is not correct. This is the date when Venice fell to the French Empire and changed to the French system. --> || 1582
|-
| [[Papal States]]   || 1583 || 1582
|-
| [[Holy Roman Empire]]<br />(Catholic states) || 1544 || 1583
|-
| Spain, Poland, Portugal || 1556{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=99{{ndash}}100}} || 1582
|-
| [[Holy Roman Empire]]<br />(Protestant states) || 1559 || 1700{{efn|Protestant states in Germany used an astronomical Easter from 1700 to 1774, based on [[Kepler]]'s [[Rudolphine Tables]], differing from the Gregorian Easter twice, one week early in 1724 and 1744.<ref>{{citation |last=Lamont |first=Roscoe |year=1920 |title=The reform of the Julian calendar |url=http://adsbit.harvard.edu//full/1920PA.....28...18L/0000018.000.html |journal=Popular Astronomy |volume=28 |pages=18–32|bibcode=1920PA.....28...18L }}</ref>}}
|-
| Sweden || 1559{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=98}} || 1753
|-
| France || 1564<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henk-reints.nl/cal/audette/cgfrance.html|title=Calendrier grégorien en France|website=www.henk-reints.nl}}</ref> || 1582{{efn|In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the [[French Republican Calendar]]. This change was reverted in 1805.}}
|-
| [[Southern Netherlands]] || 1576<ref>Per decree of 16 June 1575. Hermann Grotefend, "[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang Osteranfang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713092953/http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/Grotefend/g_o.htm#Osteranfang |date=13 July 2016 }}" (Easter beginning), ''[http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628120344/http://www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/gaeste/grotefend/grotefend.htm |date=28 June 2016 }}'' (Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times) (1891–1898)</ref> || 1582
|-
| [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] || 1579{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=97}} || 1582{{efn|Lorraine reverted to Julian in 1735 and adopted Gregorian again in 1760.}}
|-
| [[Dutch Republic]] || 1583{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=94{{ndash}}95}} || 1582
|-
| Scotland || 1600<ref name=Blackburn>Blackburn & Holford-Strevens (1999), p. 784.</ref>{{sfnp|Bond|1875|p=92}} || 1752
|-
| Russia || 1700<ref>Roscoe Lamont, [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1920PA.....28...18L The reform of the Julian calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230150923/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1920PA.....28...18L |date=30 December 2015 }}, ''Popular Astronomy'' '''28''' (1920) 18–32. Decree of Peter the Great is on pp. 23–24.</ref>||1918 
|-
| [[Tuscany]] || 1750<ref>*Alexandre Dumas, [https://archive.org/details/storiadelgoverno00duma/page/201 <!-- quote=toscana 1750 calendario gregoriano. --> Storia del governo della Toscana: sotto La casa de'Medici].
*[https://www.florencewithguide.com/it/blog-it/il-calendario-fiorentino/ Il calendario fiorentino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310154203/http://www.florencewithguide.com/it/blog-it/il-calendario-fiorentino/ |date=10 March 2017 }}.</ref> || 1582<ref>Lorenzo Cattini, [https://books.google.com/books?id=v--l2PRjuJQC Legislazione toscana raccolta e illustrata], vol. 10, p. 208.</ref>
|-
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and<br />the [[British Empire]]<br />except Scotland || 1752<ref name=Blackburn/> || 1752
|-
|}
Chaka icho chikagwiriskirika nchito mu mazuŵa mu nyengo ya Roman Republic na Ufumu wa Roma chikaŵa chaka cha ŵalongozgi ŵa boma, icho chikayamba pa zuŵa ilo ŵalongozgi ŵa boma ŵakamba kugwira ntchito—panji 1 May pambere 222 BC wandafike, 15 March kufuma mu 222 BC na 1 January kufuma mu 153 BC.  Kalendala ya Julian, iyo yikamba mu 45 BC, yikalutilira kugwiliskira nchito 1 January nga ni zuŵa lakwamba la chaka chiphya . Nangauli chaka icho ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakulemba mazuŵa chikasinthanga, kweni nyengo zose chaka cha boma chikalongoranga myezi yake mwakuyana na Januwale m’paka Disembala kufuma mu nyengo ya Roman Republican m’paka sono.

Mu nyengo ya Middle Ages, cifukwa ca kukhuŵilizgika na Tchalitchi la Katolika, vyaru vinandi vya ku Western Europe vikasamuska kwamba kwa cilimika ku cimoza mwa viphikiro vinandi vyakuzirwa vya Ŵakhristu—25 Disembala ( Khisimasi ), 25 Malici ( Annunciation ), panji Isitara,  apo . Ufumu wa Byzantine ukayamba chaka chake pa 1 Seputembala ndipo Russia yikachita nthena pa 1 Malichi m’paka mu 1492 apo chaka chiphya chikasunthika ku 1 Seputembala. 

Mu kugwiriskira ncito kwakumanyikwa, 1 Januwale ŵakawonanga kuti ni Zuŵa la Cilimika Ciphya ndipo ŵakakondweleranga nthena,  kweni kufuma mu vilimika vya m’ma 1100 m’paka mu 1751 cilimika cakuzomerezgeka ku England cikambanga pa 25 March ( Lady Day ).  Ntheura, mwaciyerezgero, ivyo vikulembeka mu Nyumba ya Malango vikulemba kuti kukomeka kwa Charles I pa 30 Januwale kukacitika mu 1648 (pakuti cilimika ici cikamara yayi m’paka pa 24 March),  nangauli mdauko wa pamanyuma ukusintha kwamba kwa cilimika ku 1648. January ndipo ŵalembe kuti ŵakakomeka mu 1649. 

Vyaru vinandi vya ku Western Europe vikasintha kwamba kwa chaka kuŵa pa 1 Januwale pambere vindambe kugwiliskira ntchito kalendara ya Gregory. Mwaciyelezgero, ku Scotland kukasintha kwamba kwa Cilimika Ciphya ca ku Scotland kuŵa pa 1 Januwale mu 1600 (ici cikung’anamura kuti 1599 cikaŵa cilimika cicoko waka). England, Ireland na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain vikasintha kwamba kwa chaka kuŵa pa 1 January mu 1752 (ntheura 1751 chikaŵa chaka chifupi icho chikaŵa na mazuŵa 282 pera). Pamanyuma mu 1752 mu Seputembala kalendara ya Gregory yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Britain yose na mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain (wonani chigaŵa chakuti Kupokera ŵana ). Vinthu viŵiri ivi vikasintha na dango la Kalendala (New Style) la 1750 . 

Mu vyaru vinyake, dango panji dango la boma likayowoyanga kuti kwamba kwa cilimika kukwenera kuŵa pa 1 Janyuwale. Kwa vyaru ivi, zuŵa lakumanyikwa apo "1 January chaka" chikazgoka chizomerezgo, lingamanyikwa.  Mu vyaru vinyake, mitheto yikaŵa yakupambanapambana, ndipo kwamba kwa chaka kukasunkhunyikanga apo mafashoni na kukhuŵilizgika na vyaru vinyake vikapangiskanga mitheto yakupambanapambana. Nanga ni ng’ombe ya papa panji mabuku ghake ghakukolerana ghakulongosora yayi zuŵa lanthena, nangauli lakumanyuma likuyowoya kuti “ nambara ya Golide ” ya 1752 yikumara mu Disembala ndipo cilimika ciphya (na nambara yiphya ya Golide) yikwamba mu Januwale 1753. 

{{clear}}

== Kupima nyengo kwa uŵiri ==
[[File:Memorial to John Etty (18373251064).jpg|thumb|Memorial plaque to John Etty in [[All Saints' Church, North Street, York]], recording his date of death as 28&nbsp;January&nbsp;{{sfrac|170|8|9}}]]
{{Main|Kupima nyengo kwa uŵiri}}
Mu nyengo ya pakati pa 1582, apo vyaru vyakwamba vikamba kugwiliskira nchito kalendara ya Gregory, na 1923, apo caru caumaliro ca ku Europe cikamba kugwiliskira nchito kalendara ya Gregory, kanandi cikaŵanga cakukhumbikwa kulongora zuŵa ilo cinthu cinyake cikacitikira mu kalendara ya Julian na mu kalendara ya Gregory, mwaciyelezgero . , "10/21 February 1750/51", apo chaka chiŵiri chikulongosora vya vyaru vinyake ivyo vikayamba kale chaka chawo cha nambara pa 1 Januwale apo vinyake vikaŵa kuti vichali kugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa linyake. Nanga ni pambere chaka cha 1582 chindafike, nyengo zinyake chaka ichi chikakhumbikwiranga kuŵika mazuŵa ghaŵiri chifukwa chakuti mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana vikayambanga mwakupambanapambana. Woolley, pakulemba mu buku lake la umoyo wa John Dee (1527–1608/9), wakuti nyengo yeneyiyo pamanyuma pa 1582 ŵalembi ŵa makalata ŵa Chingelezi "mwachizoloŵezi" ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito "mazuŵa ghaŵiri" pa makalata ghawo, OS yimoza na NS yimoza. 

=== Kupenda Mazuŵa kwa mtundu wakale na mtundu uphya ===
{{Main|Kupenda Mazuŵa kwa mtundu wakale na mtundu uphya|Kalendala (mtundu uphya) Chikalata chakuzomelezga cha 1750}}
 <!-- Per [[wp:FORK]], this section is a copy of the lead of that article. If change is needed, change the main article first then replicate it here. -->
"Mtundu Wakale" (OS) na "Mtundu Uphya" (NS) vikulongora ndondomeko ya kuchezgera pambere na pamanyuma pa kusintha kwa kalendara, mwakuyana. Kanandi, uku nkhwakusintha kufuma ku kalendara ya Julian kuya ku kalendara ya Gregory nga umo yikaŵikika mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana vya ku Europe pakati pa 1582 na kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m’ma 1900.

Ku England , Wales , Ireland , na vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Britain ku America , pakaŵa kusintha kaŵiri kwa kalendara, vyose vikasintha mu 1752. Cakwamba cikasintha kwamba kwa cilimika ciphya kufuma pa Lady Day (25 March) kufika pa 1 Januwale (ico Scotland yikacita kufuma mu 1600), . apo wachiŵiri wakataya kalendara ya Julian na kusankha kalendara ya Gregory, ndipo wakawuskapo mazuŵa 11 pa kalendara ya Seputembala 1752 kuti ŵachite nthena.  Kuti ŵakolerane na kusintha kuŵiri kwa kalendara, ŵalembi ŵakagwiliskira nchito nyengo ziŵiri kuti ŵamanye zuŵa linyake mwa kupeleka zuŵa lake mwakuyana na masitayilo ghose ghaŵiri ghakuŵika nyengo.

Kwa vyaru nga ni Russia uko kukaŵavya kusintha kwakwamba kwa chaka, OS na NS vikulongora waka ndondomeko ya Julian na Gregory yakumanyira nyengo. Vyaru vinandi vya ku Eastern Orthodox vikulutilira kugwiliskira nchito kalendara yakale ya Julian pakusopa.

== Kalendala ya Gregory ya Proleputi ==
{{Main|Proleptic Gregorian calendar}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Kusazgirako kalendara ya Gregory kuwelera nyuma ku mazuŵa agho ghakaŵako pambere yindambe kumanyikwa kukupangiska kalendara ya proleptic , iyo yikwenera kugwiliskirika nchito mwakucenjera. Pa vinthu vyambura kumanyikwa, mazuŵa gha vinthu ivyo vikacitika pambere 15 October 1582 wandafike kanandi ghakulongoreka umo ghakawonekera mu kalendara ya Julian, ndipo cilimika cikwamba pa 1 Januwale, ndipo palije kusintha kwa mazuŵa ghawo ghakuyana na gha Gregory. Mwachiyelezgero, nkhondo ya Agincourt yikuwoneka kuti yikachitika pa 25 Okutobala 1415 iyo ni Zuŵa la Saint Crispin .

Kanandi, kuŵika mapu gha mazuŵa ghaphya pa mazuŵa ghakale na kusintha kwakwamba kwa cilimika kukugwira nchito makora kwambura kusokonezgeka comene pa ivyo vikacitika pambere kalendara ya Gregory yindambe. Kweni kwa nyengo iyo yikaŵa pakati pa nyengo iyo kalendara ya Gregory yikaŵikika pakwamba pa 15 October 1582 na nyengo iyo yikaŵikika ku Britain pa 14 Seputembala 1752, pangaŵa kugaŵikana kukuru pakati pa ivyo vikacitika ku Europe wa kumanjiliro gha dazi na mu vigaŵa vya Britain mu mdauko wa ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi.

Ivyo vikacitika ku caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe kanandi vikulembeka mu mdauko wa ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi kuti vikacitika mu kalendara ya Gregory. Mwaciyerezgero, nkhondo ya Blenheim nyengo zose yikupelekeka kuti yikaŵa pa 13 August 1704. Kusokonezgeka kukucitika para cinthu cinyake cikukhwaska wose ŵaŵiri. Mwachiyelezgero, William Wachitatu wa ku England wakanyamuka ngalaŵa kufuma ku Netherlands pa 11 Novembala 1688 (kalendara ya Gregory) ndipo wakafika ku Brixham ku England pa 5 Novembala 1688 (kalendara ya Julian).

Vikuwoneka kuti Shakespeare na Cervantes ŵakafwa pa zuŵa limoza nadi (23 Epulero 1616), kweni Cervantes wakafwa pambere Shakespeare wandafwe na mazuŵa 10 mu nyengo yeneco (pakuti Spain yikagwiliskira nchito kalendara ya Gregory, kweni Britain yikagwiliskira nchito kalendara ya Julian). Mwamwaŵi uwu ukapangiska kuti UNESCO yiŵe zuŵa la 23 April kuŵa Zuŵa la Mabuku na Ufulu wa Kulemba pa Charu Chose .

Ŵasayansi ŵakuleka kumanyikwa makora uku mwa kugwiliskira nchito nambara ya zuŵa la Julian .

Kwa mazuŵa gha pambere chaka cha 1 chindafike, mwakupambana na kalendara ya proleptic Gregorian iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito mu ISO 8601 , kalendara ya proleptic Gregorian (nga ni kalendara yakale ya Julian) yilije chaka 0 ndipo m’malo mwake yikugwiriskira nchito manambara ghakumanyikwa 1, 2, . . vyose viŵiri kwa vyaka AD na BC. Mwantheura nyengo ya chikhalidwe ni 2 BC, 1 BC, AD 1, na AD 2. ISO 8601 yikugwiriskira nchito manambara gha vyaka vya vyakuthambo agho ghakusazgapo chaka 0 na manambara ghaheni pambere ghandaŵeko. Ntheura nyengo ya ISO 8601 ni -0001 , 0000, 0001, na 0002.

{{anchor|Month|Months of the year}}

==Myezi==
Kalendala ya Gregory yikalutilira kugwiliskira nchito myezi ya Julian , iyo yili na mazina gha Cilatini ndiposo nambara za mazuŵa ghambura kukhazikika :

* Januwale (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Iānuārius'' , "Mwezi wa Janus ",  chiuta wa Ŵaroma wa vipata, milyango, kwamba na umaliro .
* February (mazuŵa 28 mu nyengo zose ndipo 29 mu vyaka vyakujumpha ), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Februārius'' , "Mwezi wa February ", chiphikiro cha Ŵaroma cha kutozga na kutozga,  chikukolerana na malungo ,  chiuta wa nyifwa wa Ŵaetruscan . Februus (“Wakutozga”), <sup>[ ''mazgu ghakukhumbikwa'' ]</sup> na lizgu la Ciproto-Indo-Europe lakuti sulfure 
* Malichi (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Mārtius'' , "Mwezi wa Mars ",  chiuta wa nkhondo wa Ŵaroma 
* Epulero (mazuŵa 30), kufuma ku Cilatini ''mēnsis Aprīlis'' , ca ng’anamuro lambura kumanyikwa makora  kweni kanandi cikufuma ku mtundu unyake wa lizgu lakuti ''aperire'' (“kujura”)  panji zina la ciuta mwanakazi Aphrodite 
* May (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Māius'' , "Mwezi wa Maia ",  chiuta mwanakazi wa vyakumera wa ku Roma  uyo zina lake likuyana waka na Chilatini ''magnus'' ("mukuru")  na Chingelezi ''chikuru .''
* Juni (mazuŵa 30), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Iūnius'' , "Mwezi wa Juno ",  chiuta mwanakazi wa Ŵaroma wa nthengwa , kubaba ŵana , na kulamulira 
* Julayi (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Iūlius'' , "Mwezi wa Julius Caesar ", mwezi wa kubabika kwa Kesare, uwo ukakhazikiska mu 44  BC  nga ni chigaŵa cha kusintha kwake kwa kalendara 
* August (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Augustus'' , "Mwezi wa Augustus ", uwo ukakhazikiska Augustus mu 8  BC mwakukolerana na Julayi ndiposo kufuma ku ivyo vikachitika mu mwezi wa vinthu vinandi vyakuzirwa apo wakakweranga pa udindo 
* Seputembala (mazuŵa 30), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis seputembala'' , "mwezi wachinkhondi na chiŵiri", wa myezi khumi ya chaka cha Ŵaroma cha Romulus <abbr>c.</abbr>  750  pambere Khristu wandafike 
* Okutobala (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis octōber'' , "mwezi wachinayi", wa myezi khumi ya chaka cha Ŵaroma cha Romulus <abbr>c.</abbr>  750  pambere Khristu wandafike 
* Novembala (mazuŵa 30), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis Novembala'' , "mwezi wa 9", wa myezi khumi ya chaka cha Ŵaroma cha Romulus <abbr>c.</abbr>  750  pambere Khristu wandafike 
* Disembala (mazuŵa 31), kufuma ku Chilatini ''mēnsis disembala'' , "mwezi wa khumi", wa myezi khumi ya chaka cha Ŵaroma cha Romulus <abbr>c.</abbr>  750  pambere Khristu wandafike 

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe nyengo zinyake ŵakuyezgayezga kukumbuka unandi wa mazuŵa mu mwezi uliwose mwa kuloŵezga vesi linyake la chikhalidwe lakuti " Mazuŵa Ghatatu Ghali na Seputembala ". Likuwoneka mu Chilatini,  Chiitaliya,  Chifurenchi  na Chipwitikizi,  ndipo lili mu chikhalidwe chikuru cha mkamwa kweni mtundu wakwamba uwo ukukhozgeka sonosono apa wa ndakatulo ni Chingelezi marginalia iyo yikuŵikika mu kalendara ya ŵatuŵa <abbr>c . .</abbr>  1425 : 

{{verse translation|Mazuŵa ghatatu ghali na Novembala
Epulero Juni na Seputembala.
Ya xxviij ni kweni oon
Ndipo alle wakukhalira xxx na j. |Mazuŵa makumi ghatatu ghali na Novembala,
Epulero, Juni, na Seputembala.
Pa 28 ni chimoza pera
Ndipo vyose vyakukhalapo 30 na 1.}}

[[File:Month - Knuckles (en).svg|thumb|The [[knuckle mnemonic]] for the days of the months of the year]]
Kupambanapambana kukawoneka mu ''Mother Goose'' ndipo kukulutilira kusambizgika ku masukulu. Kuleka kovwira kwa mnemonics yakukhwaskika iyi kwayowoyeka nga ni "Mazuŵa makumi ghatatu ghali na Seputembala  / Kweni vyose vinyake nkhukumbuka yayi"  kweni kwacemekaso kuti "panji ndakatulo yimoza pera ya vilimika vya m'ma 16th century iyo ŵantu ŵanandi ŵambura kumanyikwa ŵakuyimanya pa mtima". .  Nthowa yinyake yakumanyikwa yambura kuyowoya ni knuckle mnemonic , kuwona kuti viŵegha vya mawoko gha munthu ni myezi iyo yili na mazuŵa 31 ndipo malo ghapasi pakati pawo ni myezi iyo yili na mazuŵa ghachoko waka. Kugwiriskira ncito mawoko ghaŵiri, yumoza wangayamba kufuma ku pinkie knuckle nga ni Januwale na kupenda kuzungulira, kuleka malo pakati pa index knuckles (Julayi na Ogasiti). Nthowa yeneyiyo yingacitika mwakugwiliskira nchito viŵegha vya woko limoza, kuwelera kufuma pa woko laumaliro (Julayi) m’paka pa woko lakwamba (Ogasiti) na kulutilira. Mnemonic yakuyana waka nkhukwera pa kiyibodi ya piyano mu semitones kufuma pa kiyi ya F, kutora makiyi ghatuŵa nga ni myezi yitali ndipo makiyi ghafipa nga ni ghafupi.

{{anchor|Week}}

==Masabata==
{{Main|Sabata ya mazuŵa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri}}
Pamoza na ndondomeko ya myezi, pali ndondomeko ya masabata . Kalendala yakuwoneka panji ya pa kompyuta yikupereka kusintha kufuma pa zuŵa ilo likupelekeka kuya ku zuŵa la sabata ndipo yikulongora mazuŵa ghanandi gha zuŵa linyake la sabata na mwezi. Kuŵerengera zuŵa la sabata nkhwambura kusuzga comene, cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kukhazikika mu ndondomeko ya Gregory. Apo caru cimoza na cimoza cikamba kugwiliskira nchito kalendara ya Gregory, kalendara ya sabata yikalutiliranga kwambura kuswa. Mwaciyelezgero, pa vyaru vicoko waka ivyo vikazomerezga kalendara iyo yikasintha pa zuŵa ilo Gregory XIII wakadumura kuti kalendara iyi yizomerezgeke, pa Cisano, 15 October 1582, zuŵa ilo likaŵa pakwamba likaŵa la Chinayi, 4 October 1582 (kalendara ya Julian).

Maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya unandi wa mazuŵa gha sabata. ISO 8601 , iyo yikugwiriskirika nchito comene pa caru cose, yikwamba na Mande=1; ma gridi gha kalendara gha mwezi ghakusindikizgika kanandi ghakulemba Mande mu mzere wakwamba (kumalyero) wa mazuŵa ndipo pa Lamlungu mu mzere waumaliro. Ku North America, kanandi sabata yikwamba pa Sabata na kumara pa Sabata.

== Kuneneska ==
Kalendala ya Gregory yikupangiska kuti kalendara ya Julian yiŵe na nyengo yiwemi mwa kujumphizga mazuŵa ghatatu gha Julian leap mu vilimika vyose 400, ndipo yikupereka chaka cha pafupifupi 365.2425 cha mazuŵa gha zuŵa .  Kuyezgelera uku kuli na upusikizgi wa pafupifupi zuŵa limoza pa vyaka 3,030  pakukhwaskana na mtengo wa sono wa chaka cha nyengo yakuzizima . Kweni chifukwa chakuti nyengo ya equinoxes , iyo yikuchitika nyengo zose yayi, ndiposo umo perihelion yikuchitira (iyo yikukhwaska luwiro lwa kuzungulira kwa charu chapasi) upusikizgi wakukhwaskana na equinox ya vernal ''ya vyakuthambo'' ukusinthasintha; kugwiriskira ncito nyengo ya pakati pa vernal equinoxes pafupi na 2000 ya mazuŵa 365.24237  kukung’anamura kuti pali kubudika pafupi na zuŵa limoza pa vilimika 7,700 vyose. Pa fundo yiliyose, kalendara ya Gregory njakwenelera comene kuluska kalendara ya Julian iyo yikubudika pa zuŵa limoza mu vilimika 128 (pafupifupi pa caka cikuŵa na mazuŵa 365.25).

Mu vilimika vya m’ma 1800, Sir John Herschel wakayowoya kuti ŵasinthe kalendara ya Gregory ndipo paŵe mazuŵa 969 ghakujumphapo pa vilimika 4,000 vyose, m’malo mwa mazuŵa 970 ghakujumphapo agho kalendara ya Gregory yingaŵikamo pa nyengo yeneyiyo.  Ici cingapangiska kuti cilimika ciŵe ca mazuŵa 365.24225. Ivyo Herschel wakaghanaghana vikapangiska kuti chaka cha 4000, na vigaŵa vinandi vyake, viŵe vyakumanyikwa m’malo mwa kuduka. Nangauli kanandi ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵasinthe vinthu ivi kufuma nyengo iyo, kweni ŵandazomerezgepo mwakuzomerezgeka. 

Pa nyengo za vyaka vikwi vinandi, kalendara ya Gregory yikukhala kuseri kwa nyengo za vyakuthambo. Ici nchakuti liwiro la kuzungulira kwa caru capasi likucedwa pachokopachoko , ico cikupangiska kuti zuŵa lililose liŵe litali pachoko waka pakujumpha kwa nyengo (wonani tidal acceleration na leap second ) apo chaka chikusunga nyengo yakuyana waka.

=== Kubudika kwa nyengo ya kalendara ===
[[File:Gregoriancalendarleap solstice.svg|frameless|upright=3.65|Gregorian calendar seasons difference]]

Chithunzithunzi ichi chikulongora mphambano pakati pa kalendara ya Gregory na nyengo za vyakuthambo.

Y ''-axis'' ni zuŵa ilo lili mu Juni ndipo ''x'' -axis ni vyaka vya kalendara ya Gregory.

Nkhani yiliyose ni zuŵa na nyengo iyo zuŵa likuŵira mu Juni mu chaka chenecho. Kubudika kukusintha pafupifupi kotala ya zuŵa pa chaka. Vilimika vya century ni vyaka vyambura kumanyikwa, kupatulapo para vikugaŵika na 400, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ni vyaka vyakujumpha. Ici cikupangiska kuti paŵe kusintha mu vilimika vya 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, na 2300.

Mwaciyelezgero, ivyo ŵanozga ivi vikupangiska kuti pa 23 Disembala 1903 liŵe zuŵa lakumanyuma, ndipo pa 20 Disembala 2096 liŵe zuŵa lakwamba comene—pafupifupi mazuŵa 2.35 ghakusintha para tikuyaniska na ivyo vikucitika mu vyakucanya.

== Kusintha uko kuliku yowoyeka kuti kupangike ==

Ivi ndivyo ŵakukhumba kusintha pa kalendara ya Gregory:

* Kalendala ya Holocene
* Kalendala Yakukhazikika ya Pacharu Chose (iyo yikuchemekaso kuti ''Kalendala Yakukhalilira ya Pacharu Chose'' )
* Kalendala ya pa charu chose
* Kalendala ya nyengo ya pa charu chose
* Makalenda ya sabata yakujumpha
** Kalendala ya Pax
** Kuyana 454
** Kalendala Yakukhalilira ya Hanke-Henry

==Wonaniso==

* Kalendala (Mtundu Uphya) Dango 1750
* Kusintha kwa kalendara
* Kusintha pakati pa kalendara ya Julian na Gregory
* Dango la Zuŵa la Chimango
* Kalendala ya kusintha kwa chiFrench
* Kalendala ya Chihebere
* Diyonisiyo
* Mazgu ghakulembeka mu Chingelezi – Wikisource
* Zuŵa la Julian
* Mbiri ya makalendala
* ISO 8601 , fundo ya pa caru cose yakulongosora mazuŵa na nyengo, iyo yikugwiriskira ncito kalendara ya Gregory (wonani Cigaŵa 3.2.1).
* Mndandanda wa mazuŵa agho kalendara ya Gregory yikazomerezgekera kuyana na vyaru
* Mndandanda wa makalendala
* Ŵakulemba kalenda
** Ŵakulemba Kalenda Ŵakale ŵa ku Greece
* Kalendala ya Julian yakusinthika (Milanković) – yikugwiriskirika nchito mu Chisopa cha Kumafumiro gha dazi

'''Ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozga kusintha kwa Gregory'''

* Johannes de Sacrobosco , ''De Anni Ratione'' ("Pakupenda vyaka"), <abbr>c.</abbr>  1235
* Roger Bacon , ''Opus Majus'' ("Ntchito Yikuru"), <abbr>c.</abbr>  1267

==Notsi==
{{notelist}}

==Vibekelo==
{{Reflist}}

==Pobekeka==
{{refbegin |indent=yes}}

*{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1= Bonnie |last2= Holford-Strevens |first2=  Leofranc |year =1999 | title= The Oxford Companion to the Year | publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192142313|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00blac}}.
*{{cite web|last1=Blegen |first1= Carl W. |url=https://nataliavogeikoff.com/2013/12/25/an-odd-christmas-or-the-christmasless-year-of-1923-in-greece/ | title= An Odd Christmas |editor-first1= Natalia |editor-last1=Vogeikoff-Brogan |date= 25 December 2013 | series=From the Archivist's Notebook |access-date= 1 April 2018}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=John James  |title=Handy Book of Rules and Tables for Verifying Dates With the Christian Era Giving an Account of the Chief Eras and Systems Used by Various Nations... |publisher=George Bell & Sons |year=1875 |location=London |author-link=John James Bond |chapter=Commencement of the Year, on the 1st of January or otherwise, and adoption of the Gregorian Calendar |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handybookofrules00inbond/page/91/mode/2up}}
*{{cite book|last1=Carabias Torres |first1= A. M |date=2012| title=Salamanca y la medida del tiempo | language=es| location= Salamanca |publisher= Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca}}
*{{cite book|author-link1=Nachum Dershowitz |last1= Dershowitz | first1= D. |author-link2=Edward Reingold | last2=Reingold |first2= E. M |year= 2008 | title= [[Calendrical Calculations]] | edition = 3rd |publisher= Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge}}
*{{cite book|author=Gregory XIII | author-link = Gregory XIII |year=1582 | url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Inter_gravissimas | title= Inter Gravissimas | translator= Wikisource | trans-title=Amongst the most serious tasks of our pastoral office}}
* {{cite journal|author-link1=Jean Meeus |last1=Meeus |first1= J.  |last2=  Savoie |first2= D. | year= 1992  | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JBAA..102...40M |title= The history of the tropical year | journal= Journal of the British Astronomical Association |volume=102 |number=1 | pages= 40–42|bibcode=1992JBAA..102...40M }}
*{{cite conference|last1=Moyer |first1= Gordon | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=181 |title=Aloisius Lilius and the ''Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium'' |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last=  Hoskin |editor2-first=  M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O.  | year=1983 | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary |location= Vatican City |publisher= Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano |pages=171–188}}
* {{Cite journal |date=1995 |title='Give us our eleven days!': calendar reform in eighteenth-century England |url=https://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/684/1/Poole_GiveUsOurEleven.pdf |url-status= |journal=Past & Present |publisher=[[Oxford Academic]] |pages=95–139 |doi=10.1093/past/149.1.95 |jstor=651100 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 December 2020 |author-last1=Poole |author-first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Poole (historian) |issue=149}}
*{{cite book|last1=Richards |first1= E. G. | year= 1998 | title= Mapping Time: The Calendar and its History | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
*{{cite book|last1=Richards |first1= E. G. | year=2013 | chapter= Calendars | editor-first1= S. E. | editor-last1= Urban | editor-first2=  P. K. | editor-last2 = Seidelmann  | title= Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | edition = 3rd | pages= 585–624 | location= Mill Valley CA | publisher=University Science Books|isbn=978-1-891389-85-6}}
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Seidelmann  | editor-first1= P. K. |year=1992| title= Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac | edition= 2nd |location= Sausalito, CA |publisher= University Science Books}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Swerdlow |first1= N. M. |year=1986 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JHA....17..109S |title= The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy| volume= 17 | number= 49 | pages= 109–118|doi= 10.1177/002182868601700204 |bibcode= 1986JHA....17..109S |s2cid= 118491152 }}
*{{cite magazine|last1=Walker | first1= G. W. | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1945PA.....53..218W | title= Easter Intervals | magazine= Popular Astronomy | issue= 6 | date = June 1945 | volume=53 | pages=162–178, 218–232| bibcode= 1945PA.....53..218W }}
*{{cite conference |last1=Ziggelaar |first1= A. | year=1983 | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=209 | title=The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last=  Hoskin |editor2-first=  M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O.  | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary | location= Vatican City | publisher=Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano | pages= 201–239}}

{{refend}}

== Koŵelenga kunyakhe ==
{{refbegin |indent=yes}}
*{{cite book |last1=Barsoum |first1=Ignatius A.|year= 2003| title=The Scattered Pearls: A History Of Syriac Literature And Sciences|location= Piscataway |publisher= Georgias Press |url=https://archive.org/details/EphremBarsoumMattiMoosaTheScatteredPearlsAHistoryOfSyriacLiteratureAndSciences/page/n13/mode/2up?q=Gregorian}}
*{{cite book|last1=Blackburn |first1= Bonnie  |last2=  Holford-Strevens |first2=  Leofranc |year=2003 | title=The Oxford Companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning | publisher= Oxford University Press | isbn=9780192142313|edition=corrected reprinting of 1999}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Borkowski |first1= K. M. |year=1991 | url= http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1991JRASC..85..121B/0000125.000.html | title=The tropical calendar and solar year | journal= Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada| volume= 85 | number= 3 | pages = 21–130 |bibcode=1991JRASC..85..121B}}
*{{cite conference|editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last=  Hoskin |editor2-first=  M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O.  | year=1983 |url =https://archive.org/details/GregorianReformOfTheCalendar | title= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar | conference= Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, 1582–1982 | location=Vatican City | publisher= Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Vatican Observatory ({{lang|it|Pontificia Academia Scientarum, Specola Vaticana}})}}
*{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1= D. E |year=1999  |title= Calendar: Humanity's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year | publisher= HarperCollins | isbn=9780380793242}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Morrison |first1= L. V.  |last2=  Stephenson |first2=  F. R. | year=2004 | url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JHA....35..327M | title=Historical values of the Earth's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume= 35, part 3 |number= 120 | pages=327–336|doi= 10.1177/002182860403500305 |bibcode= 2004JHA....35..327M |s2cid= 119021116 }}
*{{cite magazine|last1=Moyer |first1= Gordon | issue= 5 | volume = 246|date = May 1982 | title= The Gregorian Calendar | magazine=Scientific American | pages=144–152}}
*{{cite conference|last1=Pedersen |first1= O | year= 1983 | url= http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=34 | title= The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last=  Hoskin |editor2-first=  M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O.  | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary |location= Vatican City |publisher= Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Specolo Vaticano | pages=17–74}}
{{refend}}

==Malinki gha kuwalo==
{{Wikisource|Translation:Inter gravissimas|''Inter gravissimas'' in English}}
* {{In Our Time|Gregorian calendar|p00548m9|Gregorian_calendar}}
* [http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/ Calendar Converter]
* [http://www.bluewaterarts.com/calendar/NewInterGravissimas.htm Inter Gravissimas] {{in lang|la|fr|en}}
* [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html History of Gregorian Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106001448/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-history.html |date=6 January 2014 }}
* [http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.php The Perpetual Calendar Gregorian Calendar adoption dates for many countries. ]
* [http://www.recordholders.org/en/records/dates.html World records for mentally calculating the day of the week in the Gregorian Calendar ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051228123115/http://www.tondering.dk/claus/calendar.html The Calendar FAQ] – Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars
* [http://curiousnotions.com/todays-date Today's date (Gregorian) in over 800 more-or-less obscure foreign languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308031826/https://curiousnotions.com/todays-date/ |date=8 March 2023 }}

{{calendars}}
{{Time Topics}}
{{Time measurement and standards}}
{{Chronology}}
{{Time in religion and mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gregorian Calendar}}
[[Category:Gregorian calendar| ]]
[[Category:1580s introductions]]
[[Category:1582 establishments]]
[[Category:1582 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]